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      <image:caption>بررسی جامع تاریخچه تبدیل تهران به مرکز اصلی ضرب سکه در دوره قاجار، از تاسیس ضرابخانه ناصری تا مدرن‌سازی نظام پولی و تاثیر آن بر اقتصاد سیاسی ایران در قرن نوزدهم میلادی.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>İran Monarşisinin 2500. Yılı Madalyası: Tarih, Sembolizm ve Arkeoloji</image:title>
      <image:caption>1971 yılında darbedilen İran Monarşisinin 2500. Yılı Madalyası, Pehlevi Hanedanı'nın antik kökenlerini kutlayan eşsiz bir nümismatik ve tarihi sanat eseridir.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Explore la historia y el diseño arquitectónico de Pasargada, la primera capital del Imperio aqueménida, donde Ciro el Grande estableció las bases del jardín real persa y el arte imperial.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Пасаргады: Видение Кира Великого и архитектурный код Ахеменидской империи</image:title>
      <image:caption>Исследование архитектурного наследия Пасаргад, первой столицы Кира Великого, включая сады чахар-баг и монументальную гробницу основателя Ахеменидской державы.</image:caption>
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    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/en-zand-gold-humility-in-gold-the-coinage-of-karim-khan-zand-from-shiraz-" />
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      <image:title>Humility in Gold: The Coinage of Karim Khan Zand from Shiraz and Khoy</image:title>
      <image:caption>An exploration of the Zand dynasty’s unique numismatic legacy, focusing on Karim Khan's rejection of the title of Shah in favor of 'Vakil al-Ra'aya' and its impact on Persian monetary history.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Eine fundierte Analyse der Felsreliefs von Naqsh-e Rostam, der Triumphdarstellungen Schapurs I. und der ikonographischen Parallelen zur sasanidischen Numismatik.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-storage-care-la-conservation-des-monnaies-anciennes-patrimoine-de-l-iran" />
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      <image:title>La Conservation des Monnaies Anciennes : Patrimoine de l'Iran</image:title>
      <image:caption>Un guide complet sur la préservation du patrimoine numismatique perse, traitant des risques chimiques, du stockage optimal et de l'éthique de la non-restauration.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-qajar-toman-le-toman-qajar-l-eclat-de-l-or-au-service-d-un-empire-en-mut" />
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      <image:title>Le Toman Qajar : L'éclat de l'or au service d'un empire en mutation</image:title>
      <image:caption>Découvrez l'histoire fascinante du toman d'or, de l'élégance calligraphique de Fath-Ali Shah à la modernisation monétaire radicale sous Nasir al-Din Shah.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
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    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-zand-gold-karim-khan-zand-l-heritage-numismatique-du-vakil-a-chiraz-et" />
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      <image:title>Karim Khan Zand : L’Héritage Numismatique du Vakil à Chiraz et Khoy</image:title>
      <image:caption>Une analyse approfondie du monnayage de Karim Khan Zand, explorant ses titres modestes, ses ateliers de Chiraz et Khoy, et l'esthétique calligraphique d'une Perse en quête de stabilité.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-shah-ismail-coinage-le-marteau-et-la-foi-shah-ismail-ier-et-la-monnaie-safavide" />
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      <image:title>Le Marteau et la Foi : Shah Ismaïl Ier et la Monnaie Safavide</image:title>
      <image:caption>Une exploration approfondie de la révolution numismatique de Shah Ismaïl Ier, marquant l'imposition du chiisme duodécimain en Iran à travers la caligraphie monétaire.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-isfahan-mint-l-atelier-monetaire-d-ispahan-sous-shah-abbas-le-c-ur-battan" />
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/en-isfahan-mint-the-isfahan-mint-the-engine-of-safavid-prosperity-under-shah" />
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-CN" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/zh-isfahan-mint-isfahan-mint" />
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      <image:title>L’Atelier Monétaire d’Ispahan sous Shah Abbas : Le Cœur Battant de l'Empire</image:title>
      <image:caption>Une exploration approfondie de la production monétaire safavide à l'ombre du Maydan-i Naqsh-e Jahan, où l'argent et l'art se rencontraient pour forger la puissance d'une dynastie.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-hack-silver-l-argent-hache-des-dirhams-de-la-route-de-la-soie-aux-tresor" />
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      <image:title>L'Argent Haché : Des Dirhams de la Route de la Soie aux Trésors Vikings</image:title>
      <image:caption>Une exploration détaillée de la transformation des monnaies islamiques en lingots d'argent par fragmentation, un pilier de l'économie scandinave médiévale.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-saffarid-ya-qub-al-layth-et-l-heritage-des-saffarides-une-revolution-" />
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      <image:title>Ya’qub al-Layth et l'Héritage des Saffarides : Une Révolution Monétaire</image:title>
      <image:caption>Découvrez l'ascension fulgurante de Ya’qub al-Layth, le dinandier devenu émir, et son rôle crucial dans la renaissance de l'identité perse à travers le monnayage saffaride.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-parthian-tetradrachm-l-heritage-d-alexandre-la-tetradrachme-parthe-et-l-esprit-de" />
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      <image:title>L'Héritage d'Alexandre : La Tétradrachme Parthe et l'Esprit de l'Hellénisme</image:title>
      <image:caption>Une analyse approfondie de l'évolution monétaire de l'Empire arsacide, explorant comment les tétradrachmes ont fusionné les standards séleucides avec l'iconographie royale iranienne.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-khwarazmshahs-l-empire-des-khwarezmshahs-l-apogee-dore-avant-l-orage-mongo" />
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      <image:title>L'Empire des Khwarezmshahs : L'Apogée Doré avant l'Orage Mongol</image:title>
      <image:caption>Une analyse approfondie du règne d'Ala al-Din Muhammad II, de la splendeur de ses frappes monétaires en or à l'effondrement brutal de la dynastie khwarezmienne face aux hordes de Gengis Khan.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-safavid-abbasi-l-abbasi-safavide-l-argent-au-service-de-l-empire-de-chah-ab" />
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      <image:title>L'abbasi safavide : l'argent au service de l'Empire de Chah Abbas</image:title>
      <image:caption>Découvrez comment la réforme monétaire de Chah Abbas le Grand a stabilisé l'économie iranienne du XVIIe siècle grâce à l'abbasi, une monnaie d'argent devenue une référence commerciale mondiale.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-qajar-dynasty-la-numismatique-qajare-un-miroir-de-la-modernisation-de-la-p" />
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      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Qajar_Gold_Toman.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>La Numismatique Qajare : Un Miroir de la Modernisation de la Perse</image:title>
      <image:caption>Une exploration approfondie de l'évolution monétaire de la Perse sous la dynastie Qajare, marquant le passage de la frappe manuelle à la mécanisation moderne du toman.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-imperial-bank-persia-l-imperial-bank-of-persia-aux-origines-de-la-fiduciaire-mode" />
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      <image:title>L'Imperial Bank of Persia : Aux Origines de la Fiduciaire Moderne en Iran</image:title>
      <image:caption>Une exploration détaillée de l'histoire de l'Imperial Bank of Persia, institution britannique pivotale ayant introduit le papier-monnaie sous la dynastie Qajar au XIXe siècle.</image:caption>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-21</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-fath-ali-shah-portrait-le-visage-du-pouvoir-fath-ali-shah-et-le-portrait-royal-qadj" />
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      <image:title>Le Visage du Pouvoir : Fath-Ali Shah et le Portrait Royal Qadjar</image:title>
      <image:caption>Une analyse approfondie du renouveau de l'iconographie impériale sous le règne de Fath-Ali Shah Qadjar, marquant le retour du portrait souverain sur le monnayage persan.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>تستعرض هذه المقالة تحول طهران إلى المركز الرئيسي لسك العملة في إيران خلال العصر القاجاري، مع التركيز على تحديثات ناصر الدين شاه وتأسيس دار الضرب المركزية الحديثة.</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/articles/en-isfahan-mint-the-isfahan-mint-the-engine-of-safavid-prosperity-under-shah</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-06-16</lastmod>
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      <image:title>The Isfahan Mint: The Engine of Safavid Prosperity under Shah Abbas I</image:title>
      <image:caption>An in-depth exploration of the royal mint in Isfahan during the reign of Shah Abbas I, examining its role in the global silver trade and its position in the Naqsh-e Jahan.</image:caption>
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    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/articles/tr-taq-kasra-tak-kisra-sasani-muhendisliginin-gorkemli-miras-ve-tizpon-un</loc>
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      <image:caption>Taq-i Kasra, Sasani İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti Tizpon'da bulunan, antik dünyanın en büyük tek açıklıklı tuğla kemerine sahip anıtsal bir saray kompleksidir.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>ササン朝ペルシアの貨幣に刻まれた「火の祭壇」は、王朝の国家宗教であるゾロアスター教の神学的権威と王権の正当性を象徴する最も重要な図像であり、その変遷は帝国の歴史的変遷を物語っています。</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Узнайте историю аббасидского серебряного дирхама — ключевой валюты Халифата, объединившей торговые пути от Ирана до Скандинавии и изменившей мировое денежное обращение.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Mashhad und die Münzstätte der Schrein-Stadt: Numismatik der Safawiden</image:title>
      <image:caption>Eine umfassende Analyse der Münzprägung in Mashhad unter den Safawiden, mit Fokus auf die Pilgerökonomie und die unter Shah Tahmasp I. geprägten Gold- und Silbermünzen.</image:caption>
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    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-timurid-coinage-le-tanka-timouride-apogee-de-l-art-et-de-la-science-a-samarc</loc>
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      <image:title>La monnaie timuride : le tanka d'argent de Samarcande et d'Hérat</image:title>
      <image:caption>Découvrez l'histoire numismatique du tanka timuride sous Ulugh Beg, une monnaie d'argent alliant précision astronomique et raffinement artistique entre Samarcande et Hérat au XVe siècle.</image:caption>
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    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/articles/es-ilkhanid-coinage-la-numismatica-iljanida-reflejo-del-sincretismo-y-la-fe-en-e</loc>
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    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/es-ilkhanid-coinage-la-numismatica-iljanida-reflejo-del-sincretismo-y-la-fe-en-e" />
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      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_Dinar_of_Arghun_Baghdad_684_H_1285-1286_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>La numismática iljánida: Reflejo del sincretismo y la fe en el Irán mongol</image:title>
      <image:caption>Un análisis profundo sobre la evolución de la moneda bajo el Iljanato, desde las inscripciones trilingües hasta la estandarización del tanka tras la conversión al islam de Ghazan Khan.</image:caption>
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    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/articles/zh-isfahan-mint-isfahan-mint</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-06-15</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/fr-isfahan-mint-l-atelier-monetaire-d-ispahan-sous-shah-abbas-le-c-ur-battan" />
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/en-isfahan-mint-the-isfahan-mint-the-engine-of-safavid-prosperity-under-shah" />
    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-CN" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/zh-isfahan-mint-isfahan-mint" />
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      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Shah_Soltan_Hoseyn_minted_in_Isfahan_dated_1717-1718.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>阿拔斯一世时期的伊斯法罕造币厂：萨法维帝国的经济中心与钱币艺术</image:title>
      <image:caption>本文详细探讨了萨法维王朝阿拔斯大帝统治时期伊斯法罕造币厂的历史地位、货币产量及技术工艺，分析了其作为帝国经济支柱在货币改革与国际贸易中的核心作用。</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/articles/ar-isfahan-mint-isfahan-mint</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-06-15</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
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    <xhtml:link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://persiantreasury.com/articles/en-isfahan-mint-the-isfahan-mint-the-engine-of-safavid-prosperity-under-shah" />
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      <image:title>دار ضرب أصفهان في عهد الشاه عباس الكبير: دراسة نقدية وتاريخية</image:title>
      <image:caption>تعد دار ضرب أصفهان في عهد الشاه عباس الأول مركزاً محورياً للسياسة النقدية الصفوية، حيث جسدت الإصلاحات الاقتصادية وإنتاج العملات الفضية الوفيرة في ساحة نقش جهان.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Shah_Tahmasp_I_Imam_Reza_Mashhad_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>ضرابخانه مشهد: تلاقی ایمان و اقتدار اقتصادی در عصر صفوی</image:title>
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    <lastmod>2026-06-15</lastmod>
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      <image:title>The Dawn of the Modern Rial: Reza Shah and the Transition of Iranian Currency</image:title>
      <image:caption>This article explores the 1932 transition from the qaran to the rial under Reza Shah Pahlavi, marking a pivotal shift toward nationalized fiscal sovereignty in Iran.</image:caption>
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    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#achaemenid-daric</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Daric_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire_Darius_I_to_Xerxes_II_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Achaemenid daric: empire's first gold standard</image:title>
      <image:caption>History, weight standard (~8.4g), iconography (kneeling archer), trade reach.</image:caption>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#achaemenid-siglos</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Achaemenid_Empire_Xerxes_II_to_Artaxerxes_II_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The siglos: silver companion to the daric</image:title>
      <image:caption>Silver siglos minted in Sardis, exchange rate with gold daric, archer types.</image:caption>
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  </url>
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    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#achaemenid-satrapal</loc>
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      <image:title>Satrapal coinage of Achaemenid Asia Minor</image:title>
      <image:caption>Coinage of Tissaphernes, Pharnabazus, Autophradates, Mazaios; Greek-style portraits under Persian rule.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#achaemenid-tiribazos</loc>
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      <image:title>Tiribazos and the coinage of Achaemenid satraps in Cilicia</image:title>
      <image:caption>Early 4th-century BC satrapal issues, Baal of Tarsos, Ahura Mazda imagery.</image:caption>
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    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#darius-ii-drachma</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Drachma_Darius_II.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The drachma of Darius II and late Achaemenid silver</image:title>
      <image:caption>Denomination, style of the archer, mints of Ionia in the late 5th century BC.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#parthian-tetradrachm</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Mithradates_I_of_Parthia_Seleucia_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parthian tetradrachms and Greek heritage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Seleucid weight standard, Greek legends on early Arsacid coinage, royal portraits.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#parthian-drachm</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Mithridates_II_of_Parthia.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Parthian silver drachms: a 400-year series</image:title>
      <image:caption>Continuity of the seated archer reverse, Hellenistic-to-Iranian portrait shift.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#orodes-tetradrachm</loc>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>Orodes I of Parthia and the archer tetradrachm</image:title>
      <image:caption>90–77 BC issues, portrait style, seated archer reverse.</image:caption>
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    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#phraates-iv</loc>
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      <image:title>Phraates IV and the tetradrachm of alliance</image:title>
      <image:caption>37–2 BC, reverse of king with Tyche, Roman diplomacy, portrait iconography.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#vologases-i</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Tetradrachm_of_Vologases_I_minted_at_Seleucia.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Vologases I and the first Aramaic script on Arsacid coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>First appearance of Parthian Aramaic script on tetradrachms, Seleucia mint.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#vologases-vi</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Vologases_VI_of_Parthia.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Vologases VI and the last Arsacid drachms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Twilight of the Parthian empire, coin quality decline, Sasanian succession.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#artabanus-iv</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Artabanus_IV_cropped_Hamadan_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Artabanus IV: the last Parthian king in silver</image:title>
      <image:caption>Struggle with Ardashir I, Hamadan mint drachms, transitional style.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#sasanian-drachm</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Drachma_Khosrow_I_Anushirvan_5390188708_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Sasanian drachm: numismatic backbone of late antiquity</image:title>
      <image:caption>Thin broad flan, Pahlavi legends, fire altar reverse, mint signatures, regnal years.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#sasanian-gold-dinar</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Dinar_of_Shapur_I_ca._260-272.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Sasanian gold dinars and royal ceremony</image:title>
      <image:caption>Rare ceremonial issues, Shapur I bust types, weight tied to Roman aureus.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#ardashir-i-hamadan</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_minted_in_Hamadan.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Ardashir I and the founding coinage of the Sasanian state</image:title>
      <image:caption>Break with Parthia, Hamadan mint drachms, fire altar iconography debut.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#shapur-i-silver</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Silver_coin_of_Shapur_I_241-272_CE_from_Iraq_Sulaymaniyah_Museum.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Shapur I and the silver coinage of a conqueror</image:title>
      <image:caption>Sulaymaniyah Museum specimens, victory over Valerian, crown iconography.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#shapur-iii-gold</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_coin_of_Shapur_III.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The gold coinage of Shapur III</image:title>
      <image:caption>Late 4th-century gold dinars, weight standard, crown of Shapur III.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#bahram-ii-family</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_the_Sasanian_king_Bahram_II_1_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bahram II and the family portrait drachm</image:title>
      <image:caption>Unique three-figure obverse (king, queen, prince), religious symbolism.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#bahram-v-sind</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Vahr_m_Bahram_V_CE_420-438_AV_Dinar_23mm_7.08_g_Sind_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bahram V and the gold dinar of the Sind mint</image:title>
      <image:caption>Sasanian outreach to India, easternmost gold, weight and portrait analysis.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#peroz-i-drachm</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Peroz_I_minted_in_Adurbadagan.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Peroz I and the crown-changes of the Sasanian dynasty</image:title>
      <image:caption>Three crown types across one reign, Adurbadagan mint, Hephthalite wars.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#kavad-ahvaz</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_the_Sasanian_king_Kavad_I_minted_at_Ahvaz_during_his_first_reign.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Kavad I and the Ahvaz mint's first-reign drachms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mazdakite reforms, mint of Ahvaz, first vs. second reign portrait distinctions.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#bahram-chobin</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Bahram_Chobin_Susa_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bahram Chobin: the general who became king</image:title>
      <image:caption>Brief usurpation, Susa mint drachms, Zoroastrian legitimacy questions.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#yazdegerd-iii</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_the_Sasanian_king_Yazdegerd_III_651_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Yazdegerd III and the last Sasanian coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>651 CE issues, flight from the Arab conquest, mint output collapse.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#lydian-electrum</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Lydia_-_650-560_BC_-_elektron_trite_-_head_of_lion_-_two_quadrata_incusa_-_M_nchen_SMS.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Lydian electrum and the invention of coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Why true coinage starts in Lydia/Persia's western frontier, lion-and-bull stater.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#kroisos-gold</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Lydia_-_king_Kroisos_-_561-520_BC_-_gold_stater_-_foreparts_of_lion_and_bull_-_two_quadrata_incusa_-_London_BM.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The gold stater of Kroisos: first pure-gold coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Separation of gold from silver at Sardis, weight standard, lion-and-bull.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#elymais-coinage</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Elymais_King_Kamnaskires_V_struck_at_the_Seleucia_on_the_Hedyphon_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Elymais: a forgotten kingdom on the Karun</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bronze and silver of Kamnaskires and Orodes, Aramaic legends, Susa region.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#seleucid-antiochus-i</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Antiochos_I_Soter_tetradrachm_obverse.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Antiochus I Soter and the Seleucid tetradrachm</image:title>
      <image:caption>Portrait style, Apollo on omphalos reverse, mints of Iran.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#antiochus-iv-antioch</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes_from_Antioch_Yale_University_Art_Gallery_inv._1938.6000.2772_-_YDEA_-_142170.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the coinage of Antioch</image:title>
      <image:caption>Radiate portrait, Zeus enthroned reverse, ideological messaging.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#diodotus-bactria</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Diodotus_I_tetradrachm_obverse_and_reverse_NMAT_N473-1_v2.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Diodotus I and the breakaway coinage of Bactria</image:title>
      <image:caption>Independence from Seleucids, Zeus reverse, Hellenistic Iran's eastern frontier.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#arab-sasanian</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Arab-Sasanian_Dirham_in_the_name_of_Ubayd_Allah_ibn_Ziyad.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Arab-Sasanian drachms: continuity after conquest</image:title>
      <image:caption>Why early Umayyad governors kept Sasanian dies, bismillah margin, Tabaristan series.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#arab-sasanian-tabaristan</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Arab-Sasanian_coin_of_the_Tabaristan_type_issued_under_Caliph_al-Mahdi.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Arab-Sasanian coinage of Tabaristan</image:title>
      <image:caption>Al-Mahdi-era hemidrachms, Caspian province autonomy, half-drachm weight.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#umayyad-reform-dinar</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/First_Umayyad_gold_dinar_Caliph_Abd_al-Malik_695_CE.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Abd al-Malik and the 696 coinage reform</image:title>
      <image:caption>The first purely epigraphic Islamic dinar, theological motivation, weight standard.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#abbasid-dirham</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_dinar_of_Harun_al-Rashid_184AH.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Abbasid silver dirham as a global currency</image:title>
      <image:caption>Reach into Scandinavia, mint cities of Iran, calligraphic evolution.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#tahirid-ray</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Tahir_ibn_Husayn_minted_in_al-Muhammadiya_Ray_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Tahir ibn Husayn and the Tahirid coinage of al-Muhammadiya</image:title>
      <image:caption>Governor turned dynast, dirhams of Ray, Khorasan autonomy.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#samanid-dinar</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_coin_of_the_Samanid_ruler_Abd_al-Malik_I_minted_at_Nishapur_in_955_or_956.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Samanid gold and the Nishapur mint</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bukhara's bureaucracy, Nishapur's output, Persian renaissance under Samanids.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#buyid-coinage</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Adud_al-Dawla_minted_at_Basra_dated_982-983.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Buyid coinage and Shiʿi titulature</image:title>
      <image:caption>Adud al-Dawla's medallic dinars, revived Persian titles, Baghdad and Shiraz mints.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#seljuq-dinar</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Dinar_of_Malik_Shah_I_AH_465-485.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Seljuq dinars between caliph and sultan</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dual naming of caliph and sultan, Malik Shah issues, expanding mint network.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#ghurid-muizz</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Mu_izz_al-Din_Muhammad._AH_599-602_AD_1171-1206.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Muizz al-Din Muhammad Ghori and Ghurid coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Persian sultan, campaigns into India, hybrid Persian-Indic dies.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#ilkhanid-coinage</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_Dinar_of_Arghun_Baghdad_684_H_1285-1286_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Ilkhanid coinage after the Mongol conquest</image:title>
      <image:caption>Trilingual inscriptions, conversion to Islam under Ghazan, Tabriz tankas.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#qutlughkhanids</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Qutlughkhanids._Muzaffar_al-Din_Muhammad_Shah_Sultan._AH_695-703_AD_1296-1304._AR_Dirham_20mm_2.48_g_12h_._Citing_the_Ilkhan_Ghazan_Mahmud_as_overlord.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Qutlughkhanids of Kirman under Ilkhanid overlordship</image:title>
      <image:caption>Muzaffar al-Din Muhammad Shah, dirhams citing Ghazan Mahmud, Kirman mint.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#timurid-coinage</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Timurids._Ulugh_Beg_I._AH_850-853_AD_1447-1449._AR_Tanka_25.5mm_5.53_g_3h_._Herat_mint._Dated_AH_852_AD_1448-9.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Timurid coinage: silver tanka of Samarkand and Herat</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ulugh Beg's Herat tanka, astronomical context, Persian artistic flowering.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#timur-baghdad-tanka</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Timur_coin._Citing_Chagatai_khan_Mahmud._Baghdad_mint._Dated_AH_795_AD_1393_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Timur's coinage citing the Chagatai khan</image:title>
      <image:caption>Baghdad mint 1393 tanka, political theatre of legitimacy through a puppet khan.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#aq-qoyunlu</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_coin_of_the_Aq_Qoyunlu_ruler_Baysunghur_Tabriz_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Aq Qoyunlu coinage: White Sheep in Tabriz</image:title>
      <image:caption>Uzun Hasan and Baysunghur tankas, transition to Safavid coinage.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#safavid-abbasi</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Shah_Abbas_the_Great_minted_in_Mashhad.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Safavid abbasi: a silver standard for an empire</image:title>
      <image:caption>Shah Abbas reform, weight of the abbasi, mint cities across the realm.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#shah-ismail-coinage</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Shah_Ismail_I_minted_in_Tabriz.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Shah Ismail I and the Shiʿi shahada on coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Twelver Shiʿi legends, Tabriz mint, religious-political messaging in metal.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#shah-soltan-hoseyn</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Shah_Soltan_Hoseyn_minted_in_Isfahan_dated_1717-1718.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Shah Soltan Hoseyn and the Isfahan mint's twilight</image:title>
      <image:caption>1717–18 issues on the eve of the Afghan invasion, silver output.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#suleiman-sistan-abbasi</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Silver_abbasi_of_Suleiman_I_struck_at_the_Sistan_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The silver abbasi of Suleiman I from Sistan</image:title>
      <image:caption>Provincial output, Sistan mint marks, late-Safavid silver quality.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#afsharid-rupee</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/ISLAMIC_Persia_Post-Mongol_._Afsharids._Nadir_Shah._As_king_AH_1148-1160_AD_1736-1747._AR_Double_Rupee_24mm_22.45_g_8h_._Kabul_mint._Dated_AH_1151_AD_1738_9_559_1_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Nader Shah's Indian campaign and the double rupee</image:title>
      <image:caption>Plunder of Delhi, Kabul-mint silver rupees, hybrid Persian-Mughal weight standards.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#nader-shah-isfahan</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Nader_Shah_minted_in_Isfahan.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Nader Shah's coinage from the Isfahan mint</image:title>
      <image:caption>Post-Safavid restoration, poetic couplets, weight and titulature.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#zand-gold</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_coin_of_Karim_Khan_Zand_minted_in_Khoy.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Karim Khan Zand: a vakil's coinage from Shiraz and Khoy</image:title>
      <image:caption>Zand titles ('Vakil al-Ra'aya'), modest gold issues, post-Afsharid civil war.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#qajar-toman</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_coin_of_Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar_struck_at_the_Tehran_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Qajar toman: gold for a transforming empire</image:title>
      <image:caption>Fath-Ali Shah portrait issues, Nasir al-Din's machine-struck gold, value vs. dollar.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#fath-ali-shah-portrait</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar_minted_in_Isfahan.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Fath-Ali Shah and the return of the royal portrait</image:title>
      <image:caption>First Qajar to put his bust on coins, beard iconography, propaganda value.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#fath-ali-tabriz-gold</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_coin_of_Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar_struck_at_the_Tabriz_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The gold of Fath-Ali Shah struck at Tabriz</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tabriz mint output, Qajar crown-prince court, gold denominations.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#fath-ali-nowruz</loc>
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      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar_minted_in_Tabriz_dated_1811-2._Treasure_coin_presented_on_the_occasion_of_Nowruz_celebrations.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Qajar Nowruz treasure coins from Tabriz</image:title>
      <image:caption>1811 Fath-Ali Shah presentation issue, Nowruz gift tradition, high-relief strike.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#fath-ali-ganja</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar_struck_at_the_Ganja_mint_obverse_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Qajar Ganja mint under Fath-Ali Shah</image:title>
      <image:caption>Caucasian mint, Russo-Persian frontier, silver output.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#mohammad-ali-toman</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Qajar_Gold_Toman.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The gold toman of Mohammad Ali Shah</image:title>
      <image:caption>Constitutional Revolution era, Qajar iconography under political pressure.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#naser-al-din-machine</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar_minted_in_Tehran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Nasir al-Din Shah and Iran's first machine-struck coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Imported Belgian presses, Tehran mint modernization, uniform strike quality.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#naser-10-tuman</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Qajar_10_Tuman_Coin.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 10-tuman gold coin of Nasir al-Din Shah</image:title>
      <image:caption>Large denomination, lion-and-sun reverse, presentation contexts.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#naser-50-dinar</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/IRAN_Nasir_al-Din_Shah_1848-1896_50_dinars.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The small change of Nasir al-Din: 50-dinar coppers</image:title>
      <image:caption>Base-metal coinage for daily use, denominations below the toman.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#naser-10-toman-1896</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Iran_AH1314_c.1896_10_Toman.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 1896 10-toman piece and Nasir al-Din's last coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Assassination year issue, iconographic continuity, weight standard.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#qiran-herat</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Qiran_Coin_of_Naser_al-Din_Qajar_minted_in_Herat.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The qiran of Herat under Nasir al-Din</image:title>
      <image:caption>Silver qiran denomination, Herat mint, Afghan frontier context.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#mozaffar-al-din</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Mozaffar_ad-Din_Shah_Qajar_minted_in_Tehran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mozaffar al-Din Shah and the coinage of a fading regime</image:title>
      <image:caption>Constitutional Revolution context, Tehran mint issues, nastaliq calligraphy.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#ahmad-shah-tehran</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Qajar_minted_in_Tehran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Ahmad Shah Qajar: coinage of Iran's last Qajar</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tehran mint, 1909–25 issues, dynasty's fall to Reza Khan.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#isfahan-shahi-1690</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/20_Shahi_M_nze_-_Persien_-_Isfahan_1690.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 20-shahi coin of 1690 Isfahan</image:title>
      <image:caption>Safavid silver denomination, Isfahan mint marks, purchasing power in context.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#pahlavi-gold</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/1_pahlavi_gold_coin_reza_shah_pahlavi_legend.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Pahlavi: 20th-century gold of the Iranian crown</image:title>
      <image:caption>Reza Shah's silver and gold, full and quarter Pahlavi sizes, post-1925 modernization.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#reza-shah-tehran-gold</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_coin_of_Reza_Shah_struck_at_the_Tehran_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The gold coinage of Reza Shah from the Tehran mint</image:title>
      <image:caption>1930s issues, Bank Melli era, weight and lion-and-sun iconography.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#reza-first-nowruz</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_commemorating_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_s_first_Nowruz_celebration.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reza Shah's first-Nowruz commemorative coin</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pahlavi legitimacy building, Nowruz iconography, commemorative context.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#5-pahlavi-gold</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/5_Pahlavi_-_Iranian_Golden_coin.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 5-Pahlavi: crown jewel of Iranian gold coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Large gold denomination, weight ~40 g, presentation and hoarding.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#10-pahlavi-1976</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Obverse_-_10_Pahlavi_Golden_Coin_1976.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 10-Pahlavi of 1976: gold at its largest</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mohammad Reza era mega-denomination, ceremonial function, gold hedge for citizens.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#pahlavi-rial-set</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/1_Rial_coin_of_the_Pahlavi_Empire_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The rial coin series of the Pahlavi Empire</image:title>
      <image:caption>1-, 2-, 5-, 10-, 20-rial base-metal denominations, iconographic evolution.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#1978-20-rial</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/1978_minted_coin_-_Reza_Shah_and_Mohammad_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_motifs_on_the_back_and_sides_of_the_coin_-_20_Rials_-_with_quotes_from_both_Shahs_about_National_Bank_on_the_coins.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 1978 20-rial coin: Bank Melli commemorative</image:title>
      <image:caption>Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza portraits, National Bank quotes, dual-Shah iconography.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#2500-years-medal</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Medal_2500_years_of_the_Persian_Empire_overse_AEACollections.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 1971 medal for 2,500 years of Persian monarchy</image:title>
      <image:caption>Persepolis celebration, commemorative coins and medals, Pahlavi iconography.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#2500-years-50-rial</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/50_rials_of_second_Pahlavi_for_2500_years_of_Persian_empire_front_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 50-rial coin for 2,500 years of empire</image:title>
      <image:caption>1971 commemorative circulating coin, Persepolis winged bull reverse.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#revolution-20-rial</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Reverse_of_Iranian_20_Rials_coin_-_monument_of_3rd_anniversary_of_Islamic_revolution_cropped_square_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 20-rial coin of the Islamic Revolution's third anniversary</image:title>
      <image:caption>1982 monument reverse, Islamic Republic iconography, post-1979 monetary continuity.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#imperial-bank-persia</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/IRA-1b-Imperial_Bank_of_Persia-One_Toman_1906_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Imperial Bank of Persia and its tomans</image:title>
      <image:caption>British charter, payable-in-city banknotes (Yazd, Tehran), Naser al-Din era.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#imperial-bank-yazd</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Qajar_one_Tuman_Banknote-_payable_in_Yazd.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Yazd-payable one-toman of the Imperial Bank</image:title>
      <image:caption>City-restricted circulation, Nasir al-Din portrait, provincial banking.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#imperial-bank-1t</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Naser_Aldin_Shah_1_Toman_specimen_banknote_Obverse.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 1-toman specimen note of Nasir al-Din Shah</image:title>
      <image:caption>Design, security features of 1890s issues, printer identity.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#imperial-bank-10t</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Naser_Aldin_Shah_10_Toman_banknote_Obverse.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 10-toman Imperial Bank note</image:title>
      <image:caption>High-denomination Qajar banknote, engraving quality, portraiture.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#imperial-bank-25t</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Naser_Aldin_Shah_25_Toman_specimen_banknote_Obverse.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 25-toman specimen note of the Imperial Bank</image:title>
      <image:caption>Rare denomination, De La Rue printing, iconographic details.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#reza-shah-banknotes</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Reza_Shah_100_Rials_banknote_1st_series_obverse.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reza Shah and the rial banknote series</image:title>
      <image:caption>1932 currency reform from toman to rial, Bank Melli, first state-issued notes.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#reza-1000-rial</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_1000_Rial_banknote_obverse_1st_series.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 1000-rial banknote of Reza Shah</image:title>
      <image:caption>Largest denomination of the first Bank Melli series, engraving details.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#reza-500-rial</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/500_Rials_banknote_Reza_Shah.avif</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 500-rial banknote of Reza Shah</image:title>
      <image:caption>1930s design, national imagery, transition from Qajar tomans.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#pahlavi-100-rial</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/100_Rials_Iranian_Bank_Note_front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 100-rial banknote of Mohammad Reza Shah</image:title>
      <image:caption>Second Pahlavi series, portrait style, Bank Melli backing.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#pahlavi-banknotes</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iran_10000_Rials_Banknote_1978_-_Second_Pahlavi_King_obverse_.png</image:loc>
      <image:title>Pahlavi-era banknotes: portraiture and modernism</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mohammad Reza Shah portrait notes, Persepolis vignettes, design evolution.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#pahlavi-50-rial</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/50_Rials_banknote_of_the_Pahlavi_Empire.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 50-rial banknote of the Pahlavi era</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mid-denomination note, iconography, mid-1970s design.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#pahlavi-1000-rial</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Banknote_of_second_Pahlavi_-_1000_rials_front_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 1000-rial banknote of Mohammad Reza</image:title>
      <image:caption>Late-Pahlavi high denomination, security thread, engraved vignettes.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#pahlavi-10000-1971</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Mohammad_reza_10000_R_1971-O.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 10,000-rial banknote of 1971</image:title>
      <image:caption>2500-years-of-empire era high denomination, ceremonial iconography.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#pahlavi-1000-1969</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Mohammad_reza_1000_R_1969_-_O.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 1000-rial banknote of 1969</image:title>
      <image:caption>Sixth-series design, portrait, Bank Melli issuance.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#islamic-republic-notes</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Banknotes of the Islamic Republic</image:title>
      <image:caption>Religious iconography, Imam Khomeini portrait series, security features.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-2000-1982</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/2000_IRR_1982_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 2000-rial banknote of 1982</image:title>
      <image:caption>Early Islamic Republic issue, Al-Aqsa mosque motif, iconographic shift.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-5000-1981</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/5000_IRR_1981_Typ_2_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 5000-rial banknote of 1981</image:title>
      <image:caption>Early revolutionary iconography, Khomeini portrait absent, transitional design.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-10000-1981</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_IRR_1981_Typ_2_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 10,000-rial banknote of 1981</image:title>
      <image:caption>High-denomination early Islamic Republic note, iconography, security.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-revolution-overprint</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Iran_5000_Rials_overprint_banknote_ob_1st.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>1979 revolution and Iran's overprinted banknotes</image:title>
      <image:caption>Crown overprints, transition coinage, monetary continuity through political rupture.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-1979-provisional</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Iran_5000_Rials_overprint_banknote_ob_1st.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Iran's provisional currency of 1979</image:title>
      <image:caption>Post-revolution provisional notes, obliteration of royal portraits, Bank Markazi authority in the transition year.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-first-series-1981</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/5000_IRR_1981_Typ_2_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The first Islamic Republic banknote series (1981)</image:title>
      <image:caption>Complete 100–10,000 rial family of 1981, new revolutionary iconography, calligraphic redesign, printing by TAMIN.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
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      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 100-rial note of the Islamic Republic</image:title>
      <image:caption>Madraseh-ye Feyziyeh and Majlis motifs, watermark evolution, the smallest surviving note denomination.</image:caption>
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  <url>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/2000_IRR_1982_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 200-rial note and its agricultural imagery</image:title>
      <image:caption>Farmers and Kaaba reverse types, self-sufficiency messaging in 1980s note design, long print runs.</image:caption>
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  <url>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/2000_IRR_1982_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 500-rial note: Friday prayer and the war years</image:title>
      <image:caption>Iran–Iraq war-era iconography, crowd scenes as political statement, paper and security developments.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/2000_IRR_1982_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 1000-rial note and the Dome of the Rock</image:title>
      <image:caption>Al-Aqsa/Dome of the Rock reverse, pan-Islamic symbolism, decades of design continuity.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-2000-rial-modern</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/2000_IRR_1982_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 2000-rial note across four decades</image:title>
      <image:caption>1986 and later types, Khomeini portrait standardisation, signature varieties by Bank Markazi governor.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/5000_IRR_1981_Typ_2_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 5000-rial note and Iran's mid-value tier</image:title>
      <image:caption>Flower-and-bird and Persian Gulf types, inflation-driven redesigns, hologram and microprint additions.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_IRR_1981_Typ_2_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 10,000-rial note: Damavand and Khomeini</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mount Damavand reverse, portrait engraving, why this denomination lost value fastest.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 20,000-rial note (2004) and Iran's new high tier</image:title>
      <image:caption>Introduction under inflation pressure, Naqsh-e Jahan reverse, first note with modern optically variable ink.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-50000-rial</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 50,000-rial note and the nuclear-symbol controversy</image:title>
      <image:caption>2007 issue, atomic motif and Quranic quotation, international reaction, later design revision.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 100,000-rial note (2010)</image:title>
      <image:caption>Sa'di's tomb reverse, highest circulating denomination for a decade, anti-counterfeiting stack.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#iran-cheque-notes</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Iran cheques: quasi-banknotes of the 2000s</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bearer cheques of 500,000 and 1,000,000 rials, legal status, how they filled the denomination gap.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-2020-redesign</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The 2020–2022 banknote redesign</image:title>
      <image:caption>Simplified portrait notes, the reintroduced 100,000 and 200,000 rial values, new substrate and thread.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#rial-to-toman-reform</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Redenomination: rial to toman (2020–2025)</image:title>
      <image:caption>The parliamentary act removing four zeros, transitional dual-marked notes, practical effect on everyday pricing.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-security-features</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/5000_IRR_1981_Typ_2_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Security features of modern Iranian banknotes</image:title>
      <image:caption>Watermarks, security threads, intaglio, microtext, OVI and holographic patches from 1981 to today.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-signature-varieties</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/2000_IRR_1982_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Signature varieties on Islamic Republic notes</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bank Markazi governor and finance minister signature combinations as a dating tool for collectors.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-commemorative-notes</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Iran_5000_Rials_overprint_banknote_ob_1st.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Commemorative and overprinted notes since 1979</image:title>
      <image:caption>Anniversary overprints, special-issue notes, and how commemoratives are catalogued.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-portrait-iconography</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Portrait iconography after the monarchy</image:title>
      <image:caption>From erased royal portraits to the standard Khomeini effigy: how the state re-imaged its money.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-architecture-reverses</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Meydan-e_Imam_Imam_Square_as_seen_from_the_bazar_roof_Isfahan_5113702227_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Architecture on modern Iranian banknote reverses</image:title>
      <image:caption>Naqsh-e Jahan, Sa'di's tomb, Feyziyeh, Damavand — the monument programme of post-1979 notes.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-inflation-denominations</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_IRR_1981_Typ_2_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Inflation read through Iranian denominations, 1979–2025</image:title>
      <image:caption>How the top denomination climbed from 10,000 to 1,000,000 rials, and what that says about purchasing power.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-printing-works</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/5000_IRR_1981_Typ_2_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>TAMIN and Iran's banknote printing industry</image:title>
      <image:caption>Security Paper and Printing Company, domestic substrate production, sanctions-era self-reliance.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-counterfeiting</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
    <priority>0.6</priority>
    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/2000_IRR_1982_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Counterfeiting and detection of modern Iranian notes</image:title>
      <image:caption>Documented forgery types since the 1990s, public detection guidance, Bank Markazi countermeasures.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-collecting-modern</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Collecting modern Iranian banknotes (1979–2025)</image:title>
      <image:caption>Building a date-and-signature run, grading uncirculated notes, storage, and reference catalogues.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#irr-digital-rial</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_Rials_banknote_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The digital rial and the future of Iranian cash</image:title>
      <image:caption>Bank Markazi CBDC pilots, declining cash use, what a digital unit means for note issuance.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#isfahan-mint</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Shah_Soltan_Hoseyn_minted_in_Isfahan_dated_1717-1718.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Isfahan mint under Shah Abbas</image:title>
      <image:caption>Maydan-i Naqsh-e Jahan's craft district, Safavid silver output, mint signatures.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#tabriz-mint</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar_minted_in_Tabriz_dated_1811-2._Treasure_coin_presented_on_the_occasion_of_Nowruz_celebrations.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Tabriz: a thousand years of striking coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ilkhanid, Aq Qoyunlu, Safavid, Qajar — why Tabriz hosted so many capitals' mints.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#mashhad-mint</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
    <changefreq>monthly</changefreq>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Shah_Tahmasp_I_Imam_Reza_Mashhad_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Mashhad and the shrine-city mint</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pilgrimage economy, Shah Tahmasp dinars at Imam Reza's mint, Safavid silver.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#tehran-mint</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Ahmad_Shah_Qajar_minted_in_Tehran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Tehran becomes a mint capital</image:title>
      <image:caption>Qajar move of administration to Tehran, modernization under Nasir al-Din.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#ctesiphon-mint</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/The_Arch_of_Ctesiphon_at_Taq_Kisra.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Ctesiphon and the Sasanian capital's mintwork</image:title>
      <image:caption>Court mint near the Taq Kasra, drachm output, mint signatures (CT/CTI).</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#hamadan-mint</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_minted_in_Hamadan.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Hamadan (Ecbatana): mint from Achaemenid to Qajar</image:title>
      <image:caption>Continuity across two millennia, Sasanian AHM signature, Islamic-era output.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
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    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Adud_al-Dawla_minted_at_Basra_dated_982-983.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Shiraz: the Zand and Buyid mint of Fars</image:title>
      <image:caption>Adud al-Dawla's issues, Karim Khan's vakil coinage, Fars provincial output.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
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    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_coin_of_the_Samanid_ruler_Abd_al-Malik_I_minted_at_Nishapur_in_955_or_956.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Nishapur: Samanid capital of Khorasan's minting</image:title>
      <image:caption>Silk Road hub, silver dinars, ceramic and mint craft in one city.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
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    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Timurids._Ulugh_Beg_I._AH_850-853_AD_1447-1449._AR_Tanka_25.5mm_5.53_g_3h_._Herat_mint._Dated_AH_852_AD_1448-9.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Herat: Timurid mint at the heart of a cultural empire</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ulugh Beg's tanka, Persianate manuscript culture, Silk Road position.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
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    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Bahram_Chobin_Susa_mint.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Susa: from Elamite ziggurat to Sasanian drachms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Multi-millennium minting, Elymais, Bahram Chobin's mint, archaeological context.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#seleucia-mint</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Tetradrachm_of_Vologases_I_minted_at_Seleucia.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Seleucia on the Tigris: the Parthian tetradrachm mint</image:title>
      <image:caption>Greek city on the Tigris, Arsacid silver, Roman-era decline.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
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    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Qajar_10_Tuman_Coin.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Lion and Sun: a thousand-year emblem</image:title>
      <image:caption>Origins in Seljuq/Mongol iconography, Safavid adoption, Qajar standardization.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
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    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_minted_in_Hamadan.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The fire altar on Sasanian coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Zoroastrian theology, two attendants iconography, mint and date placement.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#kneeling-archer</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Daric_coin_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire_Darius_III_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reading the kneeling archer on the daric</image:title>
      <image:caption>Royal hunter vs. warrior interpretation, posture, bow type, Greek reception.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#pahlavi-script</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Peroz_I_minted_in_Adurbadagan.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Reading Pahlavi script on Sasanian drachms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Letter forms, royal name conventions, regnal years, mint signatures (BBA, AS, WH).</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#kufic-script</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_dinar_of_Harun_al-Rashid_184AH.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Kufic calligraphy on early Islamic coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Angular script, theological mottos, regional Kufic variants on Abbasid dirhams.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#nastaliq-coins</loc>
    <lastmod>2026-10-04</lastmod>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Mozaffar_ad-Din_Shah_Qajar_minted_in_Tehran.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Nastaliq on Safavid and Qajar coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Persian cursive replacing Arabic Kufic, poetic couplets on tomans, royal titulature.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
  </url>
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    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#sasanian-crowns</loc>
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      <image:title>Sasanian crowns: a visual dynasty</image:title>
      <image:caption>How each king's crown identifies him, cosmic symbolism, changes within a reign.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The royal portrait on Iranian coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>From Achaemenid archer to Qajar bust: two millennia of ruler imagery in metal.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>'Shahanshah', 'Sultan', 'Vakil', 'Khaqan': what titles reveal about legitimacy.</image:caption>
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  <url>
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      <image:caption>Shahada, Twelver Shiʿi additions, Fatimid slogans, dynastic religious signalling.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Reading Hijri dates on Iranian coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Hijri vs. Iranian solar calendar, common date formats, AH-to-CE conversion.</image:caption>
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  <url>
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      <image:title>Grading Iranian coins: VF, EF, UNC explained</image:title>
      <image:caption>Sheldon-style grading applied to thin Sasanian flans and Qajar machine-struck.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Authenticating Persian coins: common forgeries</image:title>
      <image:caption>Cast vs. struck, modern Iranian fakes of Sasanian drachms, weight tests.</image:caption>
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  <url>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/1_pahlavi_gold_coin_reza_shah_pahlavi_legend.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Storing and conserving silver and gold coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Humidity, PVC, hand contact, archival flips, why not to clean ancient coins.</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#hack-silver</loc>
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      <image:title>Hack silver: cut coins as bullion</image:title>
      <image:caption>Why dirhams reach Scandinavia in fragments, weight-based economy, Viking hoards.</image:caption>
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  <url>
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      <image:title>Die axis, diameter, and weight: measuring an ancient coin</image:title>
      <image:caption>How to record die axis, why weight matters, non-invasive tools for collectors.</image:caption>
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  <url>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Gold_coin_of_Shapur_III.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Photographing Iranian coins for study</image:title>
      <image:caption>Lighting angle, colour balance, showing legends on curved flans.</image:caption>
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  <url>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>Coin hoards and provenance: why context matters</image:title>
      <image:caption>Legal export, published hoards, why unprovenanced material harms scholarship.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Achaemenid empire in coins and inscriptions</image:title>
      <image:caption>Cyrus to Darius III, satrapal coinage at Sardis and elsewhere, royal road economy.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Seleucid Iran and Greek coinage in the East</image:title>
      <image:caption>Antiochus III at Ecbatana, tetradrachms, Persian responses (Frataraka).</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>The Parthian Arsacid dynasty in coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Arsaces I to Artabanus IV, four centuries of drachms and tetradrachms.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Sasanian dynasty through its coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ardashir I to Yazdegerd III, crown changes per king, propaganda in metal.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:caption>Sistani coppersmith turned ruler, Persian revival, dirham issues.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Khwarazmshahs on the eve of Mongol invasion</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ala al-Din Muhammad's gold, fragile empire, Genghis Khan's reprisal.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Ghaznavids: Persian-Turkic synthesis in coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mahmud's dinars, dual Arabic-Sanskrit legends from India, Iranianate court.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Qajar dynasty in coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>From Agha Mohammad Khan to Ahmad Shah, gradual modernization through tomans.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979) in coins and notes</image:title>
      <image:caption>Reza Shah's founding, Mohammad Reza's modernization, White Revolution numismatics.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Afsharid dynasty: Nader Shah and after</image:title>
      <image:caption>Rise from post-Safavid chaos, imperial ambition, monetary reforms.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Zand dynasty of Karim Khan</image:title>
      <image:caption>Shiraz capital, vakil title, brief but cultured interregnum.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Safavid dynasty and Twelver Shiʿi Iran</image:title>
      <image:caption>1501 founding by Ismail I, ideological revolution, monetary networks.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Buyid dynasty: Shiʿi rulers of Baghdad</image:title>
      <image:caption>Iranian Shiʿi dynasty ruling Sunni caliphate, medallions, Persian revival.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Persepolis and Achaemenid monumental sculpture</image:title>
      <image:caption>Apadana reliefs, gift-bearing delegations, link between palace art and coin imagery.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Naqsh-e Rostam: rock reliefs as state propaganda</image:title>
      <image:caption>Shapur I's triumph over Valerian, kings' tombs above, parallels with coin portraits.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Bisotun: Darius's trilingual victory monument</image:title>
      <image:caption>Old Persian / Elamite / Babylonian text, the role in deciphering cuneiform.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Palace gardens (chahar bagh origin), tomb of Cyrus, transition to Persepolis.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Taq-i Kasra: the great arch of Ctesiphon</image:title>
      <image:caption>Largest single-span vault of antiquity, Sasanian engineering, Arab-era afterlife.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Shah Abbas's planned square, Sheikh Lotfollah and Imam mosques, mint quarter.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Sheikh Lotfollah mosque: jewel of Isfahan</image:title>
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      <image:title>Chogha Zanbil: a 13th-century-BC Elamite ziggurat</image:title>
      <image:caption>Untash-Napirisha's complex, pre-coinage Iranian monumental religion.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Persian miniature: a portable court art</image:title>
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      <image:caption>Ardabil carpet, Polonaise carpets, royal workshops of Isfahan and Kashan.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Techniques (cuerda seca, mosaic faience), Kashan pottery centres, dome interiors.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>1925 coronation, Bank Melli, name change from Persia to Iran, currency reform.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Silk Road and Iranian monetary networks</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Royal Road: fiscal arteries of the Achaemenid empire</image:title>
      <image:caption>Susa to Sardis, postal system, tribute collection in silver.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The 11th-century silver crisis of the Islamic east</image:title>
      <image:caption>Depletion of mines, debasement of dirhams, shift to gold and copper.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>The 'vagabond dirham': Iranian silver in Viking hoards</image:title>
      <image:caption>Samanid dirhams unearthed in Sweden and Russia, trade routes, secondary use.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Dinar_of_Shapur_I_ca._260-272.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Bimetallism in pre-modern Iran: gold and silver together</image:title>
      <image:caption>Daric-siglos ratios, Sasanian dinar-drachm exchange, Islamic dinar-dirham system.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>Metal sources of the Iranian plateau</image:title>
      <image:caption>Silver mines of the Panjhir, gold from Elam, copper of Kerman, geological base of coinage.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The 1932 currency reform: from toman to rial</image:title>
      <image:caption>Reza Shah's Bank Melli, gold parity, transition from private to state issuance.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:title>The founding of Bank Melli Iran (1928)</image:title>
      <image:caption>First state bank, taking over Imperial Bank note issuance, national monetary sovereignty.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Weight standards of Iranian coinage, 550 BC – 1979</image:title>
      <image:caption>Attic, Persian, Islamic mithqal, and modern gram standards through 25 centuries.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:caption>Pahlavi and post-revolution gold demand, bazar dynamics, gold ounce vs. Pahlavi coin.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_commemorating_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_s_first_Nowruz_celebration.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Nowruz and the tradition of gift coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Presentation coins at New Year, Qajar and Pahlavi practice, symbolism of gold.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar_minted_in_Isfahan.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Shahnameh and heroic iconography on Iranian coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Rustam, Kayanid kings, and epic imagery reflected in coin motifs and Qajar medals.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/1_pahlavi_gold_coin_reza_shah_pahlavi_legend.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Iranian solar calendar and dating coins</image:title>
      <image:caption>Reza Shah's 1925 solar reform, converting SH years to CE, contrasts with Hijri lunar.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Persepolis_The_Persian_Soldiers.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The National Museum of Iran and its numismatic collection</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tehran holdings, Achaemenid to Pahlavi, key display pieces.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The British Museum's Iranian coin cabinet</image:title>
      <image:caption>Cyrus Cylinder, daric collection, Sasanian catalogue, digitisation.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Cabinet des Médailles: Iranian coins in Paris</image:title>
      <image:caption>17th-century collections, De Sacy's contribution to Pahlavi decipherment.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Hermitage's Sasanian and Central Asian silver</image:title>
      <image:caption>Perm silver hoard, rhytons, coin-adjacent luxury metalwork.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Encyclopædia Iranica and modern Iranian scholarship</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ehsan Yarshater's project, coin-related entries, reference for numismatics.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Peroz_I_minted_in_Adurbadagan.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Zoroastrian symbols on Iranian coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Faravahar, fire altar, ashi wings; from Achaemenid seals to Sasanian drachms.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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    <loc>https://persiantreasury.com/knowledge#poetry-on-coins</loc>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Coin_of_Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar_minted_in_Tabriz_dated_1811-2._Treasure_coin_presented_on_the_occasion_of_Nowruz_celebrations.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Poetry on coins: Persian couplets in gold</image:title>
      <image:caption>Qajar toman couplets, Nader's poems, Karim Khan's vakil verses.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Drachma_Khosrow_I_Anushirvan_5390188708_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Avesta and the ideology of Sasanian coinage</image:title>
      <image:caption>Zoroastrian scripture behind fire-altar reverses, priestly authority in silver.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/10000_IRR_1981_Typ_2_Front.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>The Iranian rial: history of Iran's currency from 1932 to today</image:title>
      <image:caption>Introduction of the rial, pegs, devaluations, redenomination plans; purely historical, no live exchange rates.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Oil shocks, revolution, war, sanctions and inflation as drivers; neutral historical analysis, no current rates or advice.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
      <image:loc>https://persiantreasury.com/img/wiki/Daric_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire_Darius_I_to_Xerxes_II_.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Daric meaning: the gold coin of the Persian Empire</image:title>
      <image:caption>Definition, etymology, weight (~8.4 g), kneeling archer types, biblical mentions of darics.</image:caption>
    </image:image>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>Ancient Persian coins: a guide from darics to Sasanian drachms</image:title>
      <image:caption>Survey of Achaemenid, Parthian and Sasanian coinage for newcomers; identifying features of each.</image:caption>
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    <image:image>
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      <image:title>Achaemenid Empire coins: darics, sigloi and satrapal issues</image:title>
      <image:caption>Types, metals, mints, iconography and how the Achaemenids spread coinage.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Pahlavi gold coin: history, types and weights</image:title>
      <image:caption>1/4, 1/2, 1, 2½, 5 and 10 Pahlavi; Reza Shah vs Mohammad Reza Shah designs; gold fineness; no prices.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Emami vs old design, weights, Central Bank of Iran issuance, how it differs from Pahlavi gold.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Chronological overview of Iranian gold denominations and what made each distinctive.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Iranian rial coins: denominations and designs since 1932</image:title>
      <image:caption>Pahlavi and Islamic Republic rial coins, lion-and-sun to national monuments, metals and sizes.</image:caption>
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      <image:caption>Metal, weight, script (Pahlavi, Kufic, Nastaliq), dates in Hijri/Solar, mint names; leads readers to careful identification.</image:caption>
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